Which one of the following lines is most likely taken from an informal letter?

I am writing this letter to invite you to my birthday party which will be….

We have received a letter of your complaints about the service you ....

We had booked a table for six but when we arrived, there was no free

In the first place, I requested you to book me a room by the view of the sea....

Display and movement communications are evident in all kinds of animals. The herring gull is a type of bird that has a yellow coloured beak with a red spot on the end. When it returns to its nest to feed its young, it taps its beak on the ground to indicate that it has food. The young chicks, in ret

Animals have their own means of communication.

Snakes and other animals have a way of warning their predators.

Young chicks communicate with their mothers when hungry.

The herring gull is a bird with yellow-colored beak.

Gobezoch › Past exams › English

Grade 12 English national exam, 2013 E.C. (2021 G.C.)

110 questions · 120 minutes. The first 5 answers are shown with explanations; sit the whole paper timed in the app to get your score and the textbook page behind every question.

Sit this paper (timed)Practice mode

I. WRITING DIRECTIONS : Questions 1-18 are related to different types of writing. Read each of them very carefully and choose the best answer from the four alternative answers, A-D, given. Then blacken the letter of your choice in the space provided on the answer sheet. Section One: Letter Writing DIRECTIONS : Items 1-3 are based on letter writing, Read each question carefully and choose the best answer according to the given context. Then blacken the letter of your choice on the separate answer sheet.

1.Which one of the following lines is most likely taken from an informal letter?
- A. We have received a letter of your complaints about the service you ....
- B. I am writing this letter to invite you to my birthday party which will be….
- C. We had booked a table for six but when we arrived, there was no free
- D. In the first place, I requested you to book me a room by the view of the sea....
Answer: B. This question tests the difference between informal and formal letter language. An invitation to a birthday party is a personal message, so line B suits an informal letter. A is wrong because it uses formal complaint language. C is wrong because it describes a complaint about a booking. D is wrong because it sounds like a formal request. Textbook: Grade 10, unit 9 · section 9.4.
2.Which one of the following is a possible closing salutation to an informal letter?
- A. Yours truly.
- B. Regards.
- C. Take care.
- D. Sincerely.
Answer: C. "Take care" is a warm, friendly closing suitable for an informal letter to friends or family, while "Regards", "Yours truly", and "Sincerely" are semi-formal or formal. Textbook: Grade 10, unit 9 · section 9.4.
3.In an informal letter, which one of the following comes following the date?
- A. Receiver's address
- B. Body
- C. Receiver's name
- D. Opening
Answer: D. This question tests the usual order of parts in an informal letter. After the date comes the opening, such as a greeting to the person receiving the letter. A is wrong because the receiver’s address is not the next part in this order. B is wrong because the body comes after the opening. C is wrong because the receiver’s name is usually included in the greeting. Textbook: Grade 10, unit 9 · section 9.4.

Section Two: Main Idea DIRECTIONS : For Question 4 and 5, from the alternatives A-D given in each case, choose the letter that contains the main idea of the paragraph and blacken the letter of your choice on the separate answer sheet.

4.Display and movement communications are evident in all kinds of animals. The herring gull is a type of bird that has a yellow coloured beak with a red spot on the end. When it returns to its nest to feed its young, it taps its beak on the ground to indicate that it has food. The young chicks, in return, tap the red spot on the parent's beak and this stimulates the gull to give the food to the chicks. North American rattle snakes make a loud rattling sound before administering their poisonous bite. This is a warning to a potential predator. What is the main idea of the above paragraph?
- A. Snakes and other animals have a way of warning their predators.
- B. Young chicks communicate with their mothers when hungry.
- C. The herring gull is a bird with yellow-colored beak.
- D. Animals have their own means of communication.
Answer: D. The question tests the main idea shared by the paragraph’s examples. D is correct because the gulls’ actions and the snakes’ rattling are different ways animals communicate. A covers only warning signals; B covers only the chicks’ response; C gives only a detail about the gull. Textbook: Grade 12, unit 5 · section 5D.
5.The African Nations Cup started in Sudan in 1957. At the time, although many countries had lively national club competitions, there were very few international matches between African national teams and so only three countries took part: Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan. Which one of the following is the main idea of the above paragraph?
- A. The history of African Nations Cup goes as far back as 1957.
- B. In 1957, many African countries had national clubs.
- C. African countries were hardly involved in matches in 1957.
- D. Three countries started the African Nations Cup.

Section Three: Paragraph Coherence DIRECTIONS : When put in the correct order, sentences in questions 6-9 make up a complete paragraph. From the alternatives A-D given in each case, choose the letter that contains the correct order of the sentences and blacken the letter of your choice on the separate answer sheet.

6.a. However, it is extremely energy inefficient. b. That makes the use of desalination very limited. c. Currently, there is world crisis in energy supplies. d. Desalination of sea water can increase water supply. e. That is why it is in use only in energy-rich countries.
- A. c e d a b
- B. d c e b a
- C. c d a b e
- D. d a e c b
Answer: D. The logical flow starts with the benefit of desalination (d), its main drawback of being energy inefficient (a), the resulting limitation to energy-rich nations (e), the global energy crisis (c), and how this crisis further limits its usage (b). Textbook: Grade 12, unit 6 · section 6C.
7.a. I followed him proudly, step by step. b. My uncle was wonderful at rice cutting. c. Then my uncle tied the bundles together. d. He handed me the bundles of stalks as he cut them. e. I tore off the leaves, trimmed the stalks and piled them.
- A. b a d e c
- B. b a e c d
- C. b d e a c
- D. b d a c e
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
8.a. In fact, this wasn't without any challenge. b. The number of democratic regimes has continued to rise. c. The quality of governance has become a major issue of concern. d. Corruption, violence and poverty have become the worst threats e. Further, good governance has become a criterion for country's credibility.
- A. c e b a d
- B. c b e a d
- C. b c e d a
- D. d a c b e
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

Section Four: Word Order DIRECTIONS : In questions 10-12 , the words are NOT in the proper order. When put in the right order, they make correct English sentences. From the given alternatives, choose the one with a correct order and blacken the letter of your choice on the separate answer sheet.

9.in you girl about slim, are pretty the talking neighborhood tall, this?
- A. Are you this pretty, tall, slim girl talking about in the neighborhood?
- B. You are about the pretty, talking, tall girl in this slim neighborhood?
- C. This pretty, tall, girl in the neighborhood talking about you are slim?
- D. Are you talking about this tall, slim, pretty girl in the neighborhood?
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
10.were they fifty and made they happy birr some.
- A. They made some fifty birr and they were happy.
- B. They made fifty birr and some they were happy.
- C. Some fifty birr they made and they were happy
- D. They made happy and they were some fifty birr.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
11.better you you listen they tell what to.
- A. They better listen you to what you tell.
- B. Better you listen what they tell to you.
- C. You better listen what you tell to they.
- D. You better listen to what they tell you.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

Section Five: Punctuation and Capitalization DIRECTIONS : For question 13-16, choose the best alternative which is written in a correct punctuation and capitalization. Then blacken the letter of your choice in the space provided on the separate answer sheet.

12.They will all receive the standard discount ie., 25%.
- A. They will all receive the standard discount ie., 25%.
- B. She told me that the items will be delivered at 3:30. pm.
- C. The UN. has taken irreversible measures against them.
- D. Send me the following items. a hammer, nails and a saw.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
13.Kindly donate shirts, jackets, trousers, shoes and even bags.
- A. Kindly, donate shirts, jackets, trousers, shoes and even bags.
- B. Kindly donate, shirts, jackets, trousers, shoes and even bags.
- C. Kindly donate shirts, jackets, trousers, shoes and even bags.
- D. Kindly donate shirts, jackets, trousers, shoes and even, bags.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
14.What do you think of his new book, "Kind Is Not Kind?"
- A. What do you think of his new book, "Kind Is Not Kind?"
- B. I can change my decision to sell the house, can't I, whenever I wish?
- C. Every morning he shouts, "Why don't you get up in time"?
- D. She wouldn't collect her belongings soon, would she? in my opinion.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

II. Communicative Activities DIRECTIONS : Questions 19-44 are presented in the form of a dialogue. The pan said by one of the speakers is given, and a blank space is left for the other's part. For each of the blank spaces, four alternative answers, A-D, are given. Choose the one that is most appropriate to complete the dialogue and blacken the letter of your choice on the separate answer sheet provided.

15.Abush: _____________ Friend: My dream is actually to visit Japan. The cleanliness attracts me.
- A. Which country in the world is attractive to you.
- B. Which place in the world do you want to visit?
- C. Which place in the world do you like most?
- D. Which country are you planning to visit?
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

Section Six: Word Spelling DIRECTIONS : For question 17 and 18, choose the alternative with a correct spelling and blacken the letter of your choice on the separate answer sheet,

16.Policeman: Tell me what you saw happening at the scene of the incident. Witness: ____________
- A. The scene was full of people as Usual, it seems they don't have anything to do.
- B. I saw a crowd of people some of who were aimlessly wandering around.
- C. I was surprised to see this girl with beautiful long hair trying to talk to me.
- D. First, he snatched her purse and in no time vanished into the village.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
17.Tsehay: You know, inflation has got out of control. It has become hard to afford bread. Finote: __________
- A. Inflation? But there are people who have got money to burn.
- B. Sure, but another problem is that you can't even find items you want
- C. The government started to control greedy business people in town.
- D. Inflation is everywhere in the world. There is no need to worry about it.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

18.Boss: Sorry but novice employees have not been included in the scheme this time. Employee: ________________
- A. Why is it that you hate novice employees?
- B. Novice employees are really hard working.
- C. That is not clear. Can you explain why?
- D. When does the scheme start operation?
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
19.Birru: Shall we report the case to the deputy manager? Megersa: ______________
- A. I think it would be safe if you report it.
- B. What is the deputy manager doing?
- C. Who knows, they could be friends.
- D. What is the problem with them?
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
20.Ahmed: How did China develop so quickly? Nejat: ___________
- A. Let us see. How many years did it take them to get there?
- B. This is possible. A lot of other countries have done it.
- C. Above all, the Chinese have a strict work discipline.
- D. China! It surprised the world, didn't it?
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
21.Holala: Do you think life could have been possible without water? Mola: _________________
- A. We don't seem to value water because it is free.
- B. Is there anything more important than water?
- C. In fact, water is very useful for human beings.
- D. No way! We would be dehydrated to death.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
22.Tilahun: Let's go and get them back by force. Asmara: _____________
- A. Isn't it mad that violence has become so rampant these days?
- B. Do you know the cause of the conflict! What went wrong?
- C. How and when do you intend to go there? Let's know.
- D. I see your point but force may not be a good solution.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
23.Tigist: Of all jobs, why did you choose to be a hostess? Lilu: ______________
- A. You don't know what it took me to become one.
- B. Many of the girls in my city are also hostesses
- C. I am interested in visiting different places.
- D. Sure. There are a lot of other jobs to take.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
24.Hussein: What do you mean by 'education is not financially rewarding? Bilal: ________________
- A. I am saying that doing a degree is materially and physically demanding. Okay?
- B. You know, there are so many people who haven't had any job for ten or so years.
- C. What I'm trying to say is that most well-educated people are economically poor.
- D. Come on. Imagine the number of years it takes to get a master's or a PhD. degree.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
25.Staff: Why hasn't the manager himself come? We wanted him to give him to give us explanation. Deputy: ___________________
- A. What are your major complaints? Let me know them in detail.
- B. The manager wanted me to represent him at this meeting.
- C. This is not the time to boycott. It is the time to work hard.
- D. The main reason is that he has visitors right this time.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
26.Chimsa: I feel the atmosphere is murky around. Can't you sense some danger looming? Galgalo: _______________
- A. We hope things will improve soon. It is just a temporary problem.
- B. That is the case in many parts of the country. How frustrating!
- C. For how long is this going to continue? A week, a month, a year?
- D. We really should finish this work today and leave immediately.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
27.Risom: Have you seen Ghidey's new jacket? Very beautiful! Kibrom: _________________
- A. That boutique sells nice jackets.
- B. Ghidey is rather too showy.
- C. Sure. What is it made of?
- D. I don't like jackets.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
28.Audience: Sir, can I ask a question before you go? Speaker: _____________
- A. Finally, I would like to say to you all thank you for your attention.
- B. Let me move on to talk about the availability of raw materials.
- C. I would also like to talk about our plan for the next fiscal year.
- D. My last point relates to the benefits we could provide to you.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
29.Alambo: Elders of the village should impose sanctions on these young people. Jikamo: _________________
- A. How many elders do we have here? Do you know?
- B. What did you say? I'm sorry, l'm not quite with you.
- C. Young people have become out of control. It's sad.
- D. Young people today? They don't even listen to elders.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
30.Titi: Shall I quit my education and get married? Sister: _________________
- A. In my view, you'd better get your degree first.
- B. Marriage is an important chapter in one's life.
- C. Many girls are getting marked these days.
- D. Did you fail the course you were taking?
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
31.Hawulet: Tell me, what is it that offends Melat? Woinitu: ________________
- A. lf you tell her she is not beautiful, she'll get mad.
- B. Actually, there are some people who offend her.
- C. There are many things she doesn't like.
- D. Melat is such a nice girl. I'll ask her.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
32.Evictees: We love you! We appreciate! Thank you for your kind assistance! Donor: _______________________
- A. It gives me much pleasure to be of some help at this critical time
- B. The agents behind your eviction will soon be brought to justice
- C. I understand being evicted is very tormenting and disgraceful.
- D. I hope you will give special care to children and the elderly.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
33.Kuku: BMC Company is going bankrupt and they have advertised to sell it. Zeritu: ___________________
- A. Well. I would find this good for it. Better heads could come in to manage.
- B. The only solution to this problem is unity among the people.
- C. I was there a couple of weeks ago. How old is that company now?
- D. KMD has done the same thing. That is not good news at all.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
34.Ambassador: My son wants to get a driving license? What is the requirement here? You: _______________________
- A. Excuse me but how many sons have you got, Mr. Ambassador?
- B. Driving a car is not very difficult. He shouldn't worry as such.
- C. Oh, I see. Driving a car is one of the dreams of young people.
- D. As a rule, everybody would need to be 18 to get one in this country.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
35.Shashitu: Tell me, are there twins in your family? Sintayehu: ___________________
- A. You mean sisters and brothers?
- B. Not at all. We have none.
- C. Sure. I have two brothers.
- D. No, I don't have twins.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

II. Comprehension Section One: Sentence Comprehension DIRECTIONS : For items 45 and 46, choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to the head sentence. Each question has four choices, A-D. Choose the best alternative and blacken the letter of your choice on the separate answer sheet provided.

36.Until the world is fully vaccinated against COVID-19, global economy will not be able to resume activity.
- A. Global economy will revive as soon as everybody is vaccinated against COVID-19.
- B. Full vaccination against COVID-19 is necessary for global economy to resume functions.
- C. We should all be vaccinated against COVID-19 for global economy to resume activity.
- D. All nations should be vaccinated against COVID-19 for the global economic crisis to go.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
37.The next time you are about to express disapproval to your youngster, remember to stay aware and sensitive to her/his emotional needs.
- A. If you have to make children stop what they are doing, do it without hurting their feeling.
- B. If you don't like what your child is doing, ask her/him about her/his emotional needs.
- C. If you want to prevent a child from doing something, use her/his emotional feeling.
- D. Knowledge of emotional needs is important to guide a child in the right way.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

Section Two: Vocabulary A. Completion DIRECTIONS : Questions 47-54 are incomplete sentences. There are four alternative words or phrases, A-D, given below each sentence. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence and blacken the letter of your choice on the separate answer sheet provided.

38.They heard it on the radio that the ________ where expensive electronic materials was on fire. I heard that the damage it inflicted is estimated at five million birr.
- A. auditorium
- B. classroom
- C. warehouse
- D. hall
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
39.I will never forget my stay in this company. I enjoyed working with you as my boss and I ____________ meeting you again sometime in my life.
- A. look forward to
- B. wish
- C. will wait until
- D. like
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
40.We will need to revolutionize our work culture. Everyone should be convinced that _____________comes through hard work and embrace for that. Otherwise, we remain poor forever.
- A. popularity
- B. prosperity
- C. reputation
- D. authority
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
41.Your room is still _________! Remember, I told you to get your stuff organized when I visited you last time. If I found the same next time, make sure you would be out.
- A. suffocated
- B. crowded
- C. unclean
- D. untidy
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
42.It rained all of a sudden and brought the game to an unexpected ___________. The good thing, however, was that it stopped in fifteen minutes and the match continued.
- A. finish
- B. halt
- C. circumstance
- D. confusion
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
43.New schools have been opened in almost all corners of Ethiopia during the last two decades and _______ has increased by nearly ten-folds. We now have almost all school age children in the system.
- A. education
- B. quantity
- C. schooling
- D. enrolment
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
44.If you have to go abroad for your education, one of the things you have to be worried about is____________. You have to be sure of where you are going to stay before you leave this country.
- A. accommodation
- B. facilities
- C. provisions
- D. stipend
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
45.We are fed up of people killing each other in this country. We want to see all ethnic groups with one another and lead a peaceful life as they once did.
- A. compromised
- B. intervened
- C. reconciled
- D. mediated
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

B. Substitution DIRECTIONS : For questions 55-62, each of the sentences has an underlined word or phrase. There are four alternatives A-D given after each sentence. Choose the word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the underlined word or phrase and blacken the letter of your choice on the separate answer sheet provided.

46.Despite our resistance, he decided to quit his studies and take up music. He has now been doing it for two months and I don't even want to know the progress he is making in this regard.
- A. play
- B. start
- C. major in
- D. Sing
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
47.A very important lesson I learnt from Kokeb is that you don't have to rely on anyone. People respect you when you are self-sufficient, particularly financially.
- A. entreat
- B. depend
- C. trouble
- D. beg
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
48.Problems in this country are getting more and more complex from time to time. However, ways should be sought to overcome them and start thinking about development.
- A. overpower
- B. solve
- C. handle
- D. defeat
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
49.If he is visually impaired , tell him he should learn how to use braille. Otherwise, things will be hard for him when it comes to reading and writing.
- A. damaged
- B. unable
- C. weakened
- D. disabled
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
50.lt is important to conserve some of our peace building traditions and pass them down to the coming generation. On the other hand, there are others that should be done away with.
- A. appreciate
- B. stock
- C. keep
- D. enjoy
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
51.Why are you worried about her? I know she is capable . Just leave her alone and you will see how beautifully she would do it.
- A. competent
- B. diligent
- C. bright
- D. clever
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
52.Your persistent complaints have now started to irritate me. How come that your eyes cannot see anything positive of what is going on?
- A. annoy
- B. itch
- C. disgust
- D. prick
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
53.I beard a big bang in the middle of the night. Did the firearms in the depot go off or was it something else?
- A. burn down
- B. catch fire
- C. explode
- D. heat up
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

DRECTIONS : Read the following passages carefully and answer questions 63-72 according to the information therein. Each question has four choices, A-D. Choose the best alternative and blacken the letter of your choice on the separate answer sheet provided. Section Three: Reading passage I Ethiopia has been severely affected by climate change. It has experienced mass starvation all the way in its history. The Wollo drought and famine of 1973 for example killed hundreds of thousands of people and displaced millions. In fact, it was one of the major causes for the mass uprising that took place against the government of Emperor Haile Selassie. The 1979 and 1984 famines that happened under the military regime killed over a million people and wiped out huge number of livestock in the drought affected regions of northern Ethiopia. The situation forced the military government to initiate programs such as resettlement and villagization which were unpopular and became contributory factors to the downfall of the regime in 1991. Climate change continued to be a major threat to Ethiopia. Long periods of recurrent drought and erratic rainfall are the visible outcomes of this phenomenon. A significant section of the population is still exposed to shortage of food and water. Scarcity of resources has caused huge displacement of people. The populations in the east and south east of Ethiopia, particularly the pastoralists, remain vulnerable to drought and famine. Currently, over six million people are in dire need of food (DPPA Press Release, 2009). Drought and shortage of food have resulted in resettlement programs that have increased mobility and migration and exposure to all types of disease such as HIV/AIDS. Studies made at Miz-Hasab Research Centre show that vulnerability to HIV/AIDS has increased in communities affected by climate change especially among internally displaced people and re-settlers. To help it deal with the effect of climate change the government has created a Climate Change National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). This is a unique move on the side of the Ethiopian government. However, conflicts caused by lack of good governance are exasperating the situation. Displaced people are experiencing shortages of food and diseases such as HIV/AIDS infections. Resettlement is a temporary solution. In fact, it fuels the spread of HIV/AIDS and enhances environmental degradation. The study recommended that i) family planning and population control activities should be in place: ii) technologies which are environment food have to be introduced; (iii) all efforts have to be incurred to raise food production and ensure food security; (iv) environmental rehabilitation be given priority. This involves protection activities such as conservation of soil and wild life including plants. There should be consorted effort to enlighten the broader communities to lead a rational life. Education is a key factor for change. Social services such as health, legal services and access to information should be available in close distance. There should be efforts to develop the social capital each community possesses for bringing about behavioural change towards dealing with climate change, HIV prevention, and gender equity. Food security and economic wellbeing along with scientific and social knowledge can help in changing authors believe that if NAPA is reformulated by incorporating these notions, it can make an impact in the life style or people and mitigate the consequences of climate change and the spread of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Source: The Impact of Climate Change on Vulnerability of HIVIAIDS in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Development Research Vol. 34, No. 1, April 2012

54.Ethiopia could manage climate change and HIV/AIDS infection
- A. by slowing industrialization to reduce carbon emission.
- B. by reducing rural residents through urbanization.
- C. by using environment-friendly technologies and activities.
- D. by getting assistance from the international community.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
55.According to the passage, the drought and famine of Wollo demonstrates the relationship between climate change and
- A. infrastructure.
- B. peasantry.
- C. overpopulation.
- D. lack of governance.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
56.According to the passage, resettlement
- A. helps the use of technology.
- B. creates better environment for giving health services.
- C. increases food security.
- D. increases HIV/AIDS infection and environmental degradation.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
57.The resettlement and villagization programs implemented by the military government
- A. reduced environmental degradation.
- B. raised agricultural productivity.
- C. was forced displacement of people.
- D. helped in dealing with climate change.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
58.Studies made by Mz-Hasab Research Center confirmed a strong relationship between
- A. HIV/AIDS and climate change.
- B. education and climate change.
- C. agricultural development and climate change.
- D. industrialization and climate change.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
59.The authors think that to prepare the population to be able to cope with climate change one of those given below is a priority.
- A. regional cooperation.
- B. improved infrastructure.
- C. mass education on climate change.
- D. investment on building industries.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
60.Social capital paragraph 5 refers to the
- A. use of technologies by communities.
- B. scientific knowledge communities possess.
- C. positive cultural assets and values of communities.
- D. financial investment of the communities.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
61.According to the authors, NAPA is
- A. blamed for inefficiency and lacks responsiveness.
- B. a redundant organization.
- C. doing fine but needs reformulation.
- D. successfully accomplishing its objectives.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
62.Ethiopia has been experiencing the effects of climate change recurrently for many years. This implies Ethiopia has problems related to
- A. agricultural resources to feed its people.
- B. preventing causes of climate change and its consequences.
- C. water resources to make portable water available to its people.
- D. preventing infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
63.According to the authors one of those given below is recommended to help deal with climate change.
- A. commitment to gender equity.
- B. modernize agriculture.
- C. expand on urbanization.
- D. prioritizing environmental rehabilitation.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

Section Four: Reading Passage II Diversity: A Blessing or Curse? A number of reasons may be given to explain why people differ in opinions, ideologies, attitudes or behaviors. It seems natural that people's attitudes at one point or the other will always be different. This may be due to varied reasons such as different backgrounds in which different people are brought, different personalities, or several other attributes. Is this diversity a good thing? Wouldn't it have been wonderful that other than just sharing the same planet, all people spoke the same language, had the same culture or belonged to one religion? Wouldn’t there have been prejudices or wars between one ethnic group and another or religion and another, right? Well, obviously except for wars, terrorism, and other extreme negative forms of these differences, my guess is that the world generally would never have been as interesting if there wasn't this diversity. There could be something positive in the diversity of human beings. Just think of it, if we all ate the same type of food, for instance, then we may have as well stayed in one part of the planet and in no time, there would be no place for everyone to stay and indeed no food for everyone. So in this case, some have to eat nsima, some sushi, and others have to eat other types of food. This reduces unnecessary conflict. However, if people get killed or marginalized because they belong to a different category such as religion, political party, or other divides, then it becomes a bad thing and the more reason why acknowledging this diversity becomes critical. I have personally at times found it very difficult to acknowledge diverse ways of life that I may not have been accustomed to. It is possible that this experience may have been felt by a number of people that also become uncomfortable whenever you are in an unfamiliar cultural environment or encounter practices that are totally different from your own or what you have always been used to. Some call this 'culture shock'. It is through continued learning and interaction with people from different backgrounds that these cross-cultural barriers are broken. It may not always be necessary to break the so-called cultural barriers but largely this may be one of the many answers to curbing unnecessary clashes between one category of people and the other and most importantly enhance harmony which is even more necessary now than ever. There are many challenges and issues now such as global warming and diseases that require people to have augmented efforts in combating these challenges and harnessing the limited resources, rather than focusing on the things that make one category of people different from the other. Differences and diversity in points of view, attitudes, behaviors, practices, and cultures should be used to learn instead of creating disadvantages for others. With the latter , it seems everyone loses out in one way or the other. Both uniqueness and diversity of individuals are gifts that I am sure are meant to benefit humanity. With the advancement and wide use of technology, people now easily move from one place to another, crisscrossing and mingling with people from various cultural settings. It is my hope that in the near future, people will be accepted in societies regardless of their religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or other various categories that they may or be perceived to belong. One lesson I have learnt during my Global Health Corps (GHC) Fellowship is the importance of this gift of diversity. I feel it is a powerful tool and blessing to humanity in enhancing equity in sectors such as health, and indeed an important tool in enhancing social justice which is desperately needed in the world today. GHC, as an emerging community of young leaders who are themselves from diverse educational and professional backgrounds, as well as cultural backgrounds, have the common goal of enhancing health equity and social justice. To a larger extent, this diversity is indeed a blessing as a lot of the iniquities and injustices in the world have diverse root causes too. By positively using the world's diverse gifts, personalities, and attributes, various challenges may be tackled. Tolerance, understanding, and respecting some perceptions and practices of people deemed different from us may therefore be cardinal in combating some of the common problems that face all of humanity. Source: Happy Zulu, https://ghcorps.org/diversity-a-Diessiug Accessed: 10 April 2021

64.Which one of the following is NOT implied in what the author states reasons for diversity?
- A. The kind of family one comes from
- B. The social origin of the individual
- C. The kind of people one met in life
- D. One's behavioral characteristics
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
65.What is the author's viewpoint towards diversity?
- A. Diversity is the major cause of war and other evils in the world.
- B. The fact that we share the same planet works against diversity.
- C. Life would have been much better if everything were uniform.
- D. Without diversity, the world wouldn't have been interesting.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
66.Which one of the following could most likely be a culture shock to a foreigner visiting Ethiopia?
- A. Being invited to a meal where raw meat is served as a part.
- B. Watching shoeshine boys cleaning shoes by the road.
- C. Encountering young people fighting in the street.
- D. Coming across people drinking Tella together.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
67.In Paragraph 3, the author says, "With the latter, it seems everyone loses out in one way or ..." What does "with the latter" show?
- A. Combating global challenges
- B. Learning from our differences
- C. Harnessing the limited resources
- D. Creating disadvantages for others
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

IV. Grammar DIRECTIONS : Questions 83-120 are incomplete sentences. There are four alternative words or phrases, A-D, given below each question. Chose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence and blacken the letter of your choice on the separate answer sheet provided.

68.You now seem to have lost all the excess weight. You look really sportive. __________ do you go to the gym?
- A. How many times
- B. How often
- C. Which place
- D. With who
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
69.I say we should not question the competence of the new team. Each member is ________ those we had in the last round. They may have another problem and that should be studied.
- A. as experienced as
- B. much experienced as
- C. so experienced
- D. very experienced as
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
70.We do not understand why he always comes so late. If he arrives on time like his friends, he _________ the opportunity to meet us and get the necessary assistance.
- A. may be having
- B. ought to have
- C. would have
- D. will have
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
71.I know one thing for sure. ________ hand in hand and worked for the unity of the country. If everyone goes his way, we get smaller and weaker for the enemy to engulf us.
- A. We should stand together
- B. It is time we joined
- C. Let everybody join
- D. Everybody joined
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

72.In which of the sentences in Paragraph one is the concept of diversity best reflected?
- A. Sentence six
- B. Sentence five
- C. Sentence three
- D. Sentence one
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

73.Conflicts ________ take place between the pastoralists and farmers in this area every time the dry season comes. The government has to find a means of solving the shortage of water which is the main cause of the problem.
- A. shall
- B. may
- C. Would
- D. will
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
74.The fundraising project in our kebele has been more successful than ever before. An insider told me they_________ raise 10 million birr in six months.
- A. were able to
- B. are able to
- C. would be able to
- D. may be able to
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
75.I believe you and there may not be any mosquitoes at this time of the year. But ________it is always good to be on the safe side? So, get the rooms sprayed with insecticides.
- A. can I just say that
- B. isn't it true
- C. can I disagree
- D. may I agree
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

77.What does the word "this" in Paragraph 3, line 2, refer to?
- A. The so called cultural barriers
- B. Answers to curbing clashes
- C. Breaking cultural barriers
- D. One of the many answers
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
78.According to the author, what is a possible advantage of diversity of human beings?
- A. It has relived us of worrying about eating differently.
- B. It has allowed us to have enough of what we live on.
- C. It has allowed us to live on one part of the planet.
- D. It has proved a solution to reducing conflicts.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
79.Given the objective realities in the world today, what can we say about the author's remarks at the end of Paragraph 3?
- A. They tend to be pessimistic.
- B. They are rather too critical.
- C. They are rather realistic.
- D. They are too optimistic
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
80.What is the paradox about diversity being a blessing to humanity in enhancing equity in the various sectors?
- A. To most societies today, their diversity has become a source of atrocity.
- B. Most countries have exploited their diversity for peace and development.
- C. Diversity has been among the source of unfair distribution of resources.
- D. A lot of countries have used diversity as a basis of difference and hostility.
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
81.Which one of the following, according to the writer, is NOT among the important tools used in fighting some of the common problems facing humanity today?
- A. Using our diverse heritages in a positive way
- B. Shaping others so they adore our perceptions
- C. Respecting the way other people worship
- D. Tolerating others' deviations from us
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

90.We learnt there is a very important conference you are holding towards the end of this month. _______as they could gain some knowledge?
- A. Is it possible that our students attend it
- B. Shall our students possibly attend it
- C. Our students could attend it please
- D. Would our students attend it
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
91.I appreciate what you said about the root causes of the problem and how we can possibly solve it. But for our record, _____
- A. what is your name and where you come from?
- B. could you tell us your name and where you come from?
- C. where do you come from and your name, please?
- D. are you willing to tell us what's your name and your address?
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
92.Everything was in a mess _______ I arrived. It was not even possible to find out what had happened because she never came back.
- A. while
- B. when
- C. since
- D. after
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
93.The area was ragged and mountainous. ____________, its weather was so harsh that we could hardly move around and see places.
- A. All along
- B. Even then
- C. In addition
- D. However
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
94.The crowd kept rallying every day and the scene gradually started turning violent ___________ the people thought the government didn't take them seriously. Now things reached a point where they are completely out of control.
- A. as a consequence of
- B. Consequently
- C. because of
- D. because
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
95.Tensions between the two countries seem to _________ from time to time but they would never fight. This has become a tradition and would only remain a war of words.
- A. regenerate
- B. heighten
- C. worsen
- D. improve
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
96.It is sad that COVID-19 has already caused a lot of damage to many countries of the world. _______ due to the vaccines administered all over the world, there are signs that the rate of infection is declining.
- A. However
- B. But
- C. On the contrary
- D. Surprisingly
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
97.The school _______ a lot of job this year. This was mainly because every member of the school community was cooperative in supporting the administration.
- A. had done
- B. has done
- C. is doing
- D. does
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
98.We were all busy reading the fiction our teacher asked us to read when we ________ a huge explosion that seemed to be from upstairs. Many of us fell on the floor and it was as if we were all dead all dead.
- A. would hear
- B. hear
- C. were
- D. heard
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
99.If she________ persistent dry cough and fever, I would have called 8335 but that wasn't the case. It just looked like an ordinary flu.
- A. had had
- B. has had
- C. would have
- D. did have
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
100.I have _______ things to do before I leave for the meeting. So, I have to lock myself in and work with no interruption.
- A. a lot of
- B. much
- C. a few
- D. Some
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
101.I am trying to move to Australia to live with my elder brother. I hope my life ________ be different there.
- A. Should
- B. will
- C. is going to
- D. might
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
102.I would be happy if we can meet this afternoon but _______ it is going to rain. If it doesn't, come to Eliana at 3:30.
- A. very unlikely
- B. I am sure
- C. it looks as if
- D. it is as though
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
103.Are those two girls from the same family? They look alike and _____ I see them together, even in odd kind of places.
- A. most of the time
- B. some of the time
- C. infrequently
- D. hardly do
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
104.I haven't started my homework yet but I________ it by 4:00 in the afternoon. Submission time is 4:15 p.m.
- A. am going to do
- B. would have done
- C. will done
- D. will have done
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
105.Despite their longtime friendship, Biftu and Tola are not in good terms. _______________, they had a problem and now they have broken up. I don't know what had happened.
- A. Unfortunate it is
- B. However, as I understand
- C. In addition
- D. Anyway, as I was saying
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
106.My son Scored A's in all the courses he took this semester. I am really__________________him.
- A. satisfied by
- B. proud of
- C. famous for
- D. keen on
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
107.We all contributed what is within our reach ________________ help the needy children in our school. We bought them the stationery they needed for the whole year.
- A. So as to
- B. So that to
- C. because of to
- D. because to
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
108.I can see your point of argument but _________________ the officials are honest when it comes to denouncing corruption. One of them was caught red-handed by the police a fortnight ago.
- A. I am not convinced that
- B. it is unacceptable
- C. everybody says that
- D. I don't doubt that
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
109.Of all the stuff she bought yesterday, I like the books ______________ she got from the library. I started reading one of them and the story is really thrilling.
- A. whom
- B. those
- C. whose
- D. which
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
110.I am glad we decided to let Birke move in because we are saving her life. ________________ , we are disappointing her mom who wants her around regardless of any risk that may come.
- A. In this circumstance
- B. On the other hand
- C. Consequently
- D. Anyway
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
111.Is he seriously threatening to kill you? Don't take this as a joke. _____________ need to report it to the police.
- A. The thing is you
- B. It is that you
- C. It is important you
- D. You might
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
112.They have now arrested the two brothers _____________ led the coup against King Bozambo of Jombaria. Rumors have it that they had seen hiding in a little village in the country.
- A. whom
- B. those
- C. which
- D. who
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
113.Our office wants to employ secretaries on a contractual basis but with a possible extension. The salary and other benefits are amazingly attractive. I encourage you to apply if you _________________ neatly type at least 60 words per minute.
- A. would
- B. may
- C. will
- D. can
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
114.I am taking my own bed sheets with me ______________ the hotel doesn't provide clean ones. It is always good to be careful.
- A. if perhaps
- B. in case
- C. just since
- D. if
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
115.Unless there is something fishy about his business, Elias ________________ millionaire now. He just had that small kiosk when I left the village half a year ago.
- A. must not be
- B. may not be
- C. can't be
- D. is not
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
116.We ________________ in the same office since 2010 but she has never acted like that before. She must have got out of bed on the wrong si1de.
- A. are working
- B. work
- C. have worked
- D. worked
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
117.The question is interesting. _________________ family do I like most? The answer is "Million's". They are very disciplined, close and cooperative. Everybody envies them.
- A. What
- B. Who
- C. Which
- D. Whose
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
118.I can see you are not very happy these days. ________________ what is bothering you?
- A. What is the problem
- B. Would you mind telling me
- C. Honestly, I want to know
- D. It could happen but is it serious
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.
119.Nurses and doctors _________________ every three days to see the progress the migrants are making. Reports show that most of them are now recovering which is a good thing to hear.
- A. have been dispatched
- B. are dispatched
- C. were dispatched
- D. dispatched
Answer, explanation and textbook page: open in the app.

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